185 Threatened Elasmobranchs
Generated from the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
19/11/2003
A full description of designations is given below the table.
Note that there are no species showing improvement.
| # | [Scientific Name] | Common Name(s) | Red List designation | Trend |
| 1 | Aetobatus narinari | SPOTTED EAGLE RAY (E) | DD |  |
| 2 | Aetomylaeus nichofii | BANDED EAGLE RAY (E) | VU A2d+3d+4d |  |
| 3 | Alopias vulpinus | THRESHER SHARK (E) | DD | |
| 4 | Anoxypristis cuspidata | KNIFETOOTH SAWFISH (E) | EN A1acde+2cde | |
| 5 | Apristurus albisoma | WHITISH CATSHARK (E) | NT | |
| 6 | Apristurus sp. nov. A | FRECKLED CATSHARK (E) | DD | |
| 7 | Apristurus sp. nov. B | BIGFIN CATSHARK (E) | DD | |
| 8 | Apristurus sp. nov. C | FLESHYNOSE CATSHARK (E) | DD | |
| 9 | Apristurus sp. nov. D | ROUGHSKIN CATSHARK (E) | DD | |
| 10 | Apristurus sp. nov. E | BULLDOG CATSHARK (E) | DD | |
| 11 | Apristurus sp. nov. F | BIGHEAD CATSHARK (E) | DD | |
| 12 | Apristurus sp. nov. G | PINOCCHIO CATSHARK (E) | DD | |
| 13 | Asymbolus analis | AUSTRALIAN SPOTTED CATSHARK (E) GREY SPOTTED CATSHARK (E) SPOTTED DOGFISH (E) |
DD | |
| 14 | Asymbolus funebris | BLOTCHED CATSHARK (E) | DD | |
| 15 | Atelomycterus marmoratus | CORAL CATSHARK (E) CHIEN CORAIL (F) PINTARROJIA (S) |
NT | |
| 16 | Aulohalaelurus kanakorum | NEW CALEDONIA CATSHARK (E) | VU B1ab(iii) | |
| 17 | Bathyraja abyssicola | DEEPSEA SKATE (E) | DD | |
| 18 | Carcharhinus amblyrhynchoides | GRACEFUL SHARK (E) | LR/nt | |
| 19 | Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos | GRAY REEF SHARK (E) | LR/nt | |
| 20 | Carcharhinus amboinensis | JAVA SHARK (E) PIGEYE SHARK (E) |
DD | |
| 21 | Carcharhinus borneensis | BORNEO SHARK (E) | EN C2b | |
| 22 | Carcharhinus brachyurus | BRONZE WHALER (E) COCKTAIL SHARK (E) COPPER SHARK (E) NARROWTOOTH SHARK (E) NEW ZEALAND WHALER (E) REQUIN CUIVRE (F) BACOTA (S) JAQUETON DEL ESTRECHO (S) TIBURÓN COBRIZO (S) |
NT | |
| 23 | Carcharhinus brevipinna | SPINNER SHARK (E) | LR/nt | |
| 24 | Carcharhinus cautus | NERVOUS SHARK (E) | DD | |
| 25 | Carcharhinus dussumieri | WHITECHEEK SHARK (E) WIDEMOUTH BLACKSPOT SHARK (E) |
NT | |
| 26 | Carcharhinus galapagensis | GALAPAGOS SHARK (E) | NT | |
| 27 | Carcharhinus hemiodon | PONDICHERRY SHARK (E) | CR A2acd; C2a(i) | |
| 28 | Carcharhinus leiodon | SMOOTHTOOTH BLACKTIP (E) | VU B1+2c, C2b | |
| 29 | Carcharhinus leucas | BULL SHARK (E) | LR/nt | |
| 30 | Carcharhinus limbatus | BLACKTIP SHARK (E) | LR/nt | |
| 31 | Carcharhinus longimanus | OCEANIC WHITETIP SHARK (E) | LR/nt | |
| 32 | Carcharhinus macloti | HARDNOSE SHARK (E) | NT | |
| 33 | Carcharhinus melanopterus | BLACKTIP REEF SHARK (E) | LR/nt | |
| 34 | Carcharhinus obscurus | DUSKY SHARK (E) | LR/nt | |
| 35 | Carcharhinus plumbeus | SANDBAR SHARK (E) | LR/nt | |
| 36 | Carcharhinus sealei | BLACKSPOT SHARK (E) REQUIN À TACHE NOIR (F) TIBURÓN ALINEGRO (S) |
NT | |
| 37 | Carcharias taurus | GREY NURSE SHARK (E) SAND TIGER SHARK (E) REQUIN TAUREAU (F) TORO BACOTA (S) |
VU A1ab+2d | |
| 38 | Carcharodon carcharias | GREAT WHITE SHARK (E) | VU A1cd+2cd | |
| 39 | Centrophorus granulosus | GULPER SHARK (E) | VU A1abd+2d | |
| 40 | Centrophorus harrissoni | DUMB GULPER SHARK (E) DUMB SHARK (E) HARRISON ’S DEEPSEA DOGFISH (E) HARRISON ’S DOGFISH (E) |
CR A2bd+3d+4bd | |
| 41 | Centrophorus moluccensis | ENDEAVOUR DOGFISH (E) SMALLFIN GULPER SHARK (E) |
DD | |
| 42 | Centrophorus niaukang | QUELVACHO CHINO (E) TAIWAN GULPER SHARK (E) SQUALE-CHAGRIN GUELVACHO (F) |
NT | |
| 43 | Centrophorus squamosus | DEEPWATER SPINY DOGFISH (E) LEAFSCALE GULPER SHARK (E) NILSON’S DEEPSEA DOGFISH (E) SQUALE-CHAGRIN DE L’ATLANTIQUE (F) QUELVACHO NEGRO (S) |
VU A2bd+3bd+4bd | |
| 44 | Centrophorus uyato | LITTLE GULPER SHARK (E) SOUTHERN DOGFISH (E) |
DD | |
| 45 | Centroscyllium kamoharai | BARESKIN DOGFISH (E) JELLY SHARK (E) AIGUILLAT LISSE (F) TOLLO NEGRO LISO (S) |
DD | |
| 46 | Centroscymnus coelolepis | PORTUGUESE DOGFISH (E) | NT | |
| 47 | Centroscymnus plunketi | PLUNKET’S DOGFISH (E) PLUNKET’S SHARK (E) WAITE’S DOGFISH (E) |
NT | |
| 48 | Cephaloscyllium fasciatum | RETICULATE SWELL SHARK (E) RETICULATED SWELLSHARK (E) HOLBICHE BOUFFIE (F) PEJEGATO MALLERO (S) |
DD | |
| 49 | Cephaloscyllium sp. nov. A | DRAUGHTBOARD SHARK (E) SWELL SHARK (E) WHITEFIN SWELL SHARK (E) |
NT | |
| 50 | Cephaloscyllium sp. nov. B | SADDLED SWELL SHARK (E) | DD | |
| 51 | Cephaloscyllium sp. nov. C | NORTHERN DRAUGHTBOARD SHARK (E) | NT | |
| 52 | Cephaloscyllium sp. nov. D | NARROWBAR SWELL SHARK (E) | DD | |
| 53 | Cephaloscyllium sp. nov. E | SPECKLED SWELL SHARK (E) | DD | |
| 54 | Cetorhinus maximus | BASKING SHARK (E) PELERIN (F) PEREGRINO (S) |
VU A1ad+2d | |
| 55 | Chiloscyllium griseum | GREY BAMBOO SHARK (E) REQUIN-CHABOT GRIS (F) BAMBOA GRIS (S) |
NT | |
| 56 | Chiloscyllium indicum | CATSHARK (E) FROG SHARK (E) NURSE SHARK (E) RIDGE BACK SHARK (E) RIDGEBACK CATSHARK (E) RIDGEBACKED BAMBOO SHARK (E) SLENDER BAMBOO SHARK (E) STONE SHARK (E) TIME TELLER SHARK (E) REQUIN-CHABOT ÉLÉGANT (F) BAMBOA ELEGANTE (S) |
NT | |
| 57 | Chiloscyllium punctatum | BROWN-SPOTTED CATSHARK (E) BROWNBANDED BAMBOO SHARK (E) GREY CARPET SHARK (E) SPOTTED CATSHARK (E) |
NT | |
| 58 | Chlamydoselachus anguineus | FRILLED SHARK (E) LIZARD SHARK (E) SCAFFOLD SHARK (E) |
NT | |
| 59 | Cirrhihaleus barbifer | MANDARIN SHARK (E) SQUALE MOUSTACHE (F) TOLLO MANDARIN (S) |
NT | |
| 60 | Dalatias licha | KITEFIN SHARK (E) | DD | |
| 61 | Dasyatis fluviorum | BROWN STINGRAY (E) ESTUARY STINGAREE (E) ESTUARY STINGRAY (E) |
VU A2bcd+3cd+4bcd | |
| 62 | Dasyatis garouaensis | NIGER STINGRAY (E) SMOOTH FRESHWATER STINGRAY (E) |
VU B1+2cde, C2b | |
| 63 | Dasyatis laosensis | MEKONG FRESHWATER STINGRAY (E) | EN A1cde+2cde, B1+2ce | |
| 64 | Dipturus batis | COMMON SKATE (E) | EN A1abcd+2bcd | |
| 65 | Dipturus binoculata | BIG SKATE (E) | LR/nt | |
| 66 | Dipturus innominatus | SMOOTH SKATE (E) | NT |  |
| 67 | Dipturus laevis | BARNDOOR SKATE (E) | EN A1bcd | |
| 68 | Echinorhinus brucus | BRAMBLE SHARK (E) SPINOUS SHARK (E) SPINY SHARK (E) |
DD | |
| 69 | Echinorhinus cookei | PRICKLY SHARK (E) SPINOUS SHARK (E) |
NT | |
| 70 | Eucrossorhinus dasypogon | TASSELED WOBBEGONG (E) | NT | |
| 71 | Eusphyra blochii | SLENDER HAMMERHEAD (E) WINGHEAD SHARK (E) |
NT | |
| 72 | Galeocerdo cuvier | TIGER SHARK (E) | LR/nt | |
| 73 | Galeorhinus galeus | SCHOOL SHARK (E) TOPE SHARK (E) |
VU A1bd | |
| 74 | Galeus gracilis | SLENDER SAWTAIL SHARK (E) | DD | |
| 75 | Galeus sp. nov. B | NORTHERN SAWTAIL SHARK (E) | DD | |
| 76 | Glyphis gangeticus | GANGES SHARK (E) | CR A1cde+2cde, C2b | |
| 77 | Glyphis glyphis | SPEARTOOTH SHARK (E) | EN C2a | |
| 78 | Glyphis sp. nov. A | BIZANT RIVER SHARK (E) | CR Ca2(i) | |
| 79 | Glyphis sp. nov. C | NEW GUINEA RIVER SHARK (E) NORTHERN RIVER SHARK (E) |
CR C2a(i) | |
| 80 | Gogolia filewoodi | SAILBACK HOUNDSHARK (E) | DD | |
| 81 | Halaelurus dawsoni | DAWSON ’S CAT SHARK (E) NEW ZEALAND CATSHARK (E) |
DD | |
| 82 | Halaelurus sp. nov. A | DUSKY CATSHARK (E) | DD | |
| 83 | Haploblepharus edwardsii | PUFFADDER SHYSHARK (E) | LR/nt | |
| 84 | Haploblepharus fuscus | BROWN SHYSHARK (E) | LR/nt | |
| 85 | Hemipristis elongatus | FOSSIL SHARK (E) SNAGGLETOOTH SHARK (E) MILANDRE CHICOR (F) COMADREJA SOBREDIENTE (S) |
VU A2bd+3bd+4bd | |
| 86 | Hemiscyllium freycineti | FREYCINET’S EPAULETTE SHARK (E) INDONESIAN SPECKLED CARPET SHARK (E) |
NT | |
| 87 | Hemiscyllium hallstromi | PAPUAN EPAULETTE SHARK (E) | VU B1ab(iii) | |
| 88 | Hemiscyllium strahani | HOODED CARPET SHARK (E) | VU B1ab(iii) | |
| 89 | Hemitriakis abdita | DARKSNOUT HOUND SHARK (E) DEEPWATER SICKLEFIN HOUND SHARK (E) |
DD | |
| 90 | Hemitriakis leucoperiptera | WHITEFIN TOPESHARK (E) | EN B1+2ce, C2b | |
| 91 | Heptranchias perlo | ONE-FINNED SHARK (E) PERLON SHARK (E) SEVENGILL COW SHARK (E) SHARPNOSE SEVENGILL SHARK (E) SHARPSNOUTED SEVENGILL (E) SLENDER SEVENGILL (E) |
NT | |
| 92 | Heteroscyllium colcloughi | BLUEGRAY CARPETSHARK (E) | VU C2b | |
| 93 | Hexanchus griseus | BLUNTNOSE SIXGILL SHARK (E) | LR/nt | |
| 94 | Himantura chaophraya | GIANT FRESHWATER STINGRAY (E) | VU A1bcde+2ce | |
| 95 | Himantura fluviatilis | GANGES STINGRAY (E) | EN A1cde+2cde, B1+2c | |
| 96 | Himantura oxyrhynchus | MARBLED FRESHWATER STINGRAY (E) | EN B1+2c | |
| 97 | Himantura signifer | WHITE-EDGE FRESHWATER WHIPRAY (E) | EN B1+2c | |
| 98 | Hypogaleus hyugaensis | BLACKTIP TOPESHARK (E) | LR/nt | |
| 99 | Isurus oxyrinchus | SHORTFIN MAKO (E) | LR/nt | |
| 100 | Lamna ditropis | SALMON SHARK (E) | DD | |
| 101 | Lamna nasus | PORBEAGLE (E) | LR/nt | |
| 102 | Leptocharias smithii | BARBELED HOUNDSHARK (E) | LR/nt | |
| 103 | Manta birostris | MANTA RAY (E) | DD | |
| 104 | Megachasma pelagios | MEGAMOUTH SHARK (E) | DD | |
| 105 | Mobula eregoodootenkee | PYGMY DEVILRAY (E) | NT | |
| 106 | Mobula japanica | JAPANESE DEVILRAY (E) MANTE AGUILLAT (F) MANTE DE AGUIJÓN (S) |
NT | |
| 107 | Mobula mobular | DEVIL FISH (E) GIANT DEVILRAY (E) |
VU A1cd | |
| 108 | Mustelus canis | DUSKY SMOOTHHOUND (E) | LR/nt | |
| 109 | Nebrius ferrugineus | TAWNY NURSE SHARK (E) | VU A2abcd+3cd+4abcd | |
| 110 | Negaprion acutidens | SHARPTOOTH LEMON SHARK (E) | VU A2abcd+3bcd+4abcd | |
| 111 | Negaprion brevirostris | LEMON SHARK (E) | LR/nt | |
| 112 | Notorynchus cepedianus | BROADNOSE SEVENGILL SHARK (E) | DD | |
| 113 | Odontaspis ferox | HERBST’S NURSE SHARK (E) RAGGED-TOOTH SHARK (E) SMALLTOOTH SAND TIGER SHARK (E) |
DD | |
| 114 | Odontaspis noronhai | BIGEYE SAND TIGER (E) REQUIN NORONHAI (F) SOLRAYO OJIGRANDE (S) |
DD | |
| 115 | Orectolobus maculatus | SPOTTED WOBBEGONG (E) WOBBEGONG (E) |
NT | |
| 116 | Orectolobus ornatus | BANDED WOBBEGONG (E) CARPET SHARK (E) GULF WOBBEGONG (E) ORNATE WOBBEGONG (E) |
NT | |
| 117 | Oxynotus bruniensis | PRICKLY DOGFISH (E) | DD | |
| 118 | Parascyllium sparsimaculatum | GINGER CARPET SHARK (E) | DD | |
| 119 | Parmaturus macmillani | MCMILLAN’S CATSHARK (E) | DD | |
| 120 | Parmaturus sp. nov. A | SHORT-TAIL SHARK (E) | DD | |
| 121 | Poroderma africanum | PYJAMA SHARK (E) | LR/nt | |
| 122 | Potamotrygon brachyura | SHORTTAILED RIVER STINGRAY (E) | DD | |
| 123 | Potamotrygon henlei | TOCANTINS RIVER RAY (E) | DD | |
| 124 | Potamotrygon leopoldi | XINGU RIVER RAY (E) | DD | |
| 125 | Potamotrygon motoro | OCELLATE RIVER STINGRAY (E) | DD | |
| 126 | Potamotrygon pauckei | BLACK RIVER STINGRAY (E) | DD | |
| 127 | Prionace glauca | BLUE SHARK (E) | LR/nt | |
| 128 | Pristiophorus sp. nov. A | EASTERN SAWSHARK (E) | NT | |
| 129 | Pristis clavata | DWARF SAWFISH (E) QUEENSLAND SAWFISH (E) |
EN A1acd+2cd | |
| 130 | Pristis microdon | FRESHWATER SAWFISH (E) | EN A1bcde+2bcde | |
| 131 | Pristis pectinata | SMALLTOOTH SAWFISH (E) WIDE SAWFISH (E) |
EN A1bcd+2cd | |
| 132 | Pristis perotteti | LARGETOOTH SAWFISH (E) | CR A1abc+2cd | |
| 133 | Pristis pristis | COMMON SAWFISH (E) | CR A1abc+2cd | |
| 134 | Pristis zijsron | GREEN SAWFISH (E) | EN A1bcd+2cd | |
| 135 | Pseudocarcharias kamoharai | CROCODILE SHARK (E) REQUIN CROCODILE (F) TIBURÓN COCODRILO (S) |
LR/nt | |
| 136 | Raja clavata | THORNBACK SKATE (E) | LR/nt | |
| 137 | Raja microocellata | SMALLEYED RAY (E) | LR/nt | |
| 138 | Raja polyommata | ARGUS SKATE (E) | DD | |
| 139 | Raja sp. L | MAUGEAN SKATE (E) PORT DAVEY SKATE (E) |
EN B1+2c | |
| 140 | Rhina ancylostoma | BOWMOUTH GUITARFISH (E) MUD SKATE (E) SHARK RAY (E) |
VU A2bd+3bd+4bd | |
| 141 | Rhincodon typus | WHALE SHARK (E) REQUIN BALEINE (F) TIBURÓN BALLENA (S) |
VU A1bd+2d | |
| 142 | Rhinobatos horkelii | BRAZILIAN GUITARFISH (E) | CR A1bd+2bd | |
| 143 | Rhinobatos typus | COMMON SHOVELNOSE RAY (E) GIANT SHOVELNOSE RAY (E) |
VU A2bd+3bd+4bd | |
| 144 | Rhynchobatus australiae | WHITE-SPOTTED GUITARFISH (E) WHITE-SPOTTED WEDGEFISH (E) |
VU A2bd+3bd+4bd | |
| 145 | Rhynchobatus djiddensis | WHITESPOT GIANT GUITARFISH (E) | VU A1bd+2d | |
| 146 | Rhynchobatus laevis | SMOOTHNOSE WEDGEFISH (E) | VU A2bd+3bd+4bd | |
| 147 | Schroederichthys bivius | NARROWMOUTH CATSHARK (E) | DD | |
| 148 | Scoliodon laticaudus | SPADENOSE SHARK (E) | LR/nt | |
| 149 | Scyliorhinus capensis | YELLOWSPOTTED CATSHARK (E) | LR/nt | |
| 150 | Scylliogaleus quecketti | FLAPNOSE HOUNDSHARK (E) | VU B1+2c, C2b | |
| 151 | Scymnodalatias albicauda | WHITETAIL DOGFISH (E) | DD | |
| 152 | Scymnodalatias sherwoodi | SHERWOOD DOGFISH (E) | DD | |
| 153 | Somniosus antarcticus | SOUTHERN SLEEPER SHARK (E) WHITELY’S SLEEPER SHARK (E) |
DD | |
| 154 | Sphyrna lewini | SCALLOPED HAMMERHEAD (E) | LR/nt | |
| 155 | Sphyrna mokarran | GREAT HAMMERHEAD (E) | DD | |
| 156 | Sphyrna zygaena | SMOOTH HAMMERHEAD (E) | LR/nt | |
| 157 | Squalus acanthias | PIKED DOGFISH (E) SPINY DOGFISH (E) |
LR/nt | |
| 158 | Squalus megalops | COSMOPOLITAN SPURDOG (E) PIKED SPURDOG (E) SHORTNOSE SPURDOG (E) AIGUILLAT NEZ COURT (F) GALLUDO NATO (S) |
DD | |
| 159 | Squalus mitsukurii | GREEN-EYE SPURDOG (E) SHORTSPINE SPURDOG (E) AIGUILLAT ÉPINETTE (F) GALLUDO ESPINILLA (S) |
DD | |
| 160 | Squalus rancureli | CYRANO SPURDOG (E) AIGUILLAT CYRANO (F) GALLUDO CIRANO (S) |
NT | |
| 161 | Squalus sp. nov. A | BARTAIL SPURDOG (E) | DD | |
| 162 | Squalus sp. nov. B | EASTERN HIGHFIN SPURDOG (E) | DD | |
| 163 | Squalus sp. nov. C | WESTERN HIGHFIN SPURDOG (E) | DD | |
| 164 | Squalus sp. nov. D | FATSPINE SPURDOG (E) | DD | |
| 165 | Squalus sp. nov. E | WESTERN LONGNOSE SPURDOG (E) | DD | |
| 166 | Squalus sp. nov. F | EASTERN LONGNOSE SPURDOG (E) | DD | |
| 167 | Squatina argentina | ARGENTINE ANGEL SHARK (E) | DD | |
| 168 | Squatina californica | PACIFIC ANGEL SHARK (E) | LR/nt | |
| 169 | Squatina guggenheim | ANGULAR ANGEL SHARK (E) | VU A1bd+A2d | |
| 170 | Squatina occulta | SMOOTHBACK ANGEL SHARK (E) | EN A1abd+A2d | |
| 171 | Squatina sp. nov. A | EASTERN ANGEL SHARK (E) | VU A2bd | |
| 172 | Squatina sp. nov. B | WESTERN ANGEL SHARK (E) | DD | |
| 173 | Squatina squatina | ANGEL SHARK (E) | VU A1abcd+A2d | |
| 174 | Stegostoma fasciatum | LEOPARD SHARK (E) ZEBRA SHARK (E) |
VU A2abcd+3cd+4abcd | |
| 175 | Taeniura lymma | BLUE-SPOTTED STINGRAY (E) BLUESPOTTED RIBBONTAIL RAY (E) |
LR/nt | |
| 176 | Torpedo fairchildi | CRAMPFISH (E) ELECTRIC RAY (E) ELECTRIC SKATE (E) FAIRCHILD’S ELECTRIC RAY (E) NEW ZEALAND ELECTRIC RAY (E) NEW ZEALAND TORPEDO RAY (E) NUMBFISH (E) TORPEDO RAY (E) |
DD | |
| 177 | Triaenodon obesus | WHITETIP REEF SHARK (E) | LR/nt | |
| 178 | Triakis acutipinna | SHARPFIN HOUNDSHARK (E) | VU C2b | |
| 179 | Triakis megalopterus | SPOTTED GULLY SHARK (E) | LR/nt | |
| 180 | Triakis semifasciata | LEOPARD SHARK (E) | LR/cd | |
| 181 | Typhlonarke aysoni | BLIND ELECTRIC RAY (E) BLIND LEGGED TORPEDO (E) ROUND ELECTRIC RAY (E) |
DD | |
| 182 | Typhlonarke tarakea | BLIND ELECTRIC RAY (E) OVAL ELECTRIC RAY (E) |
DD | |
| 183 | Urogymnus asperrimus | PORCUPINE RAY (E) | VU A1bd, B1+2bcd | |
| 184 | Urogymnus ukpam | PINCUSHION RAY (E) | EN B1+2abcd | |
| 185 | Urolophus sp. nov. A | KAPALA STINGAREE (E) | NT | |
Current Population Trends Key
Improving
Deteriorating
Stable
Uncertain or Don’t Know
The Categories
Extinct (EX)
A taxon is Extinct when there is no reasonable doubt that the last individual has died. A taxon is presumed Extinct when exhaustive surveys in known and/or expected habitat, at appropriate times (diurnal, seasonal, annual), throughout its historic range have failed to record an individual. Surveys should be over a time frame appropriate to the taxon’s life cycle and life form.
Extinct in the Wilde (EW)
A taxon is Extinct in the Wild when it is known only to survive in cultivation, in captivity or as a naturalized population (or populations) well outside the past range. A taxon is presumed Extinct in the Wild when exhaustive surveys in known and/or expected habitat, at appropriate times (diurnal, seasonal, annual), throughout its historic range have failed to record an individual. Surveys should be over a time frame appropriate to the taxon’s life cycle and life form.
Crritically Endangered (CR)
A taxon is Critically Endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Critically Endangered (see Section V), and it is therefore considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild.
Endangered (EN)
A taxon is Endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Endangered (see Section V), and it is therefore considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild.
Vulnerable (VU)
A taxon is Vulnerable when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Vulnerable (see Section V), and it is therefore considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild.
Near Threatened (NT)
A taxon is Near Threatened when it has been evaluated against the criteria but does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable now, but is close to qualifying for or is likely to qualify for a threatened category in the near future.
Least Concerned (LC)
A taxon is Least Concern when it has been evaluated against the criteria and does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable or Near Threatened. Widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category.
Data Deficient (DD)
A taxon is Data Deficient when there is inadequate information to make a direct, or indirect, assessment of its risk of extinction based on its distribution and/or population status. A taxon in this category may be well studied, and its biology well known, but appropriate data on abundance and/or distribution are lacking. Data Deficient is therefore not a category of threat. Listing of taxa in this category indicates that more information is required and acknowledges the possibility that future research will show that threatened classification is appropriate. It is important to make positive use of whatever data are available. In many cases great care should be exercised in choosing between DD and a threatened status. If the range of a taxon is suspected to be relatively circumscribed, and a considerable period of time has elapsed since the last record of the taxon, threatened status may well be justified.
Not Evaluated (NE)
A taxon is Not Evaluated when it is has not yet been evaluated against the criteria.
Note: As in previous IUCN categories, the abbreviation of each category (in parenthesis) follows the English denominations when translated into other languages (see Annex 2).
V. THE CRITERIA FOR CRITICALLY ENDANGERED, ENDANGERED AND VULNERABLE
Critically Endangered (CR)
A taxon is Critically Endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the following criteria (A to E), and it is therefore considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild:
A. Reduction in population size based on any of the following:
- 1. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population size reduction of 90% over the last 10 years or three generations, whichever is the longer, where the causes of the reduction are clearly reversible AND understood AND ceased, based on (and specifying) any of the following:
(a) direct observation
(b) an index of abundance appropriate to the taxon
(c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat
(d) actual or potential levels of exploitation
(e) the effects of introduced taxa, hybridization, pathogens, pollutants, competitors
or parasites. - An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population size reduction of 80% over the
last 10 years or three generations, whichever is the longer, where the reduction or its causes
may not have ceased OR may not be understood OR may not be reversible, based on (and specifying)
any of (a) to (e) under A1. - A population size reduction of 80%, projected or suspected to be met within the next 10
years or three generations, whichever is the longer (up to a maximum of 100 years), based on
(and specifying) any of (b) to (e) under A1. - An observed, estimated, inferred, projected or suspected population size reduction of
80% over any 10 year or three generation period, whichever is longer (up to a maximum of 100 years in
the future), where the time period must include both the past and the future, and where the reduction
or its causes may not have ceased OR may not be understood OR may not be reversible, based on
(and specifying) any of (a) to (e) under A1.
B. Geographic range in the form of either B1 (extent of occurrence) OR B2 (area of occupancy) OR both:
- Extent of occurrence estimated to be less than 100 km², and estimates indicating at least two of a-c:
a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at only a single location.
b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in any of the following:
(i) extent of occurrence
(ii) area of occupancy
(iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat
(iv) number of locations or subpopulations
(v) number of mature individuals.
c. Extreme fluctuations in any of the following:
(i) extent of occurrence
(ii) area of occupancy
(iii) number of locations or subpopulations
(iv) number of mature individuals. - Area of occupancy estimated to be less than 10 km², and estimates indicating at least two of a-c:
a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at only a single location.
b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in any of the following:
(i) extent of occurrence
(ii) area of occupancy
(iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat
(iv) number of locations or subpopulations
(v) number of mature individuals.
c. Extreme fluctuations in any of the following:
(i) extent of occurrence
(ii) area of occupancy
(iii) number of locations or subpopulations
(iv) number of mature individuals.
C. Population size estimated to number fewer than 250 mature individuals and either:
- An estimated continuing decline of at least 25% within three years or one generation, whichever is
longer, (up to a maximum of 100 years in the future) OR - A continuing decline, observed, projected, or inferred, in numbers of mature individuals AND at least one of the following (a-b):
(a) Population structure in the form of one of the following:
(i) no subpopulation estimated to contain more than 50 mature individuals, OR
(ii) at least 90% of mature individuals in one subpopulation.
(b) Extreme fluctuations in number of mature individuals.
D. Population size estimated to number fewer than 50 mature individuals.
E. Quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in the wild is at least 50% within 10 years or three generations, whichever is the longer (up to a maximum of 100 years).
Endangered (EN)
A taxon is Endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the following criteria (A to E), and it is therefore considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild:
A. Reduction in population size based on any of the following:
- An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population size reduction of 70% over the last 10 years
or three generations, whichever is the longer, where the causes of the reduction are clearly reversible
AND understood AND ceased, based on (and specifying) any of the following:
(a) direct observation
(b) an index of abundance appropriate to the taxon
(c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat
(d) actual or potential levels of exploitation
(e) the effects of introduced taxa, hybridization, pathogens, pollutants, competitors or parasites. - An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population size reduction of 50% over the last 10 years
or three generations, whichever is the longer, where the reduction or its causes may not have
ceased OR may not be understood OR may not be reversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a)
to (e) under A1. - A population size reduction of 50%, projected or suspected to be met within the next 10 years
or three generations, whichever is the longer (up to a maximum of 100 years), based on (and specifying) any of (b) to (e) under A1. - An observed, estimated, inferred, projected or suspected population size reduction of 50% over any 10
year or three generation period, whichever is longer (up to a maximum of 100 years in the future),
where the time period must include both the past and the future, and where the reduction or its
causes may not have ceased OR may not be understood OR may not be reversible, based on (and
specifying) any of (a) to (e) under A1.
B. Geographic range in the form of either B1 (extent of occurrence) OR B2 (area of occupancy) OR both:
- Extent of occurrence estimated to be less than 5000 km², and estimates indicating at least two of a-c:
a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than five locations.
b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in any of the following:
(i) extent of occurrence
(ii) area of occupancy
(iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat
(iv) number of locations or subpopulations
(v) number of mature individuals.
c. Extreme fluctuations in any of the following:
(i) extent of occurrence
(ii) area of occupancy
(iii) number of locations or subpopulations
(iv) number of mature individuals. - Area of occupancy estimated to be less than 500 km², and estimates indicating at least two of a-c:
a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than five locations.
b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in any of the following:
(i) extent of occurrence
(ii) area of occupancy
(iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat
(iv) number of locations or subpopulations
(v) number of mature individuals.
C. Extreme fluctuations in any of the following:
(i) extent of occurrence
(ii) area of occupancy
(iii) number of locations or subpopulations
(iv) number of mature individuals.
C. Population size estimated to number fewer than 2500 mature individuals and either:
- An estimated continuing decline of at least 20% within five years or two generations, whichever is
longer, (up to a maximum of 100 years in the future) OR - A continuing decline, observed, projected, or inferred, in numbers of mature individuals AND at least one of the following (a-b):
(a) Population structure in the form of one of the following:
(i) no subpopulation estimated to contain more than 250 mature individuals, OR
(ii) at least 95% of mature individuals in one subpopulation.
(b) Extreme fluctuations in number of mature individuals.
D. Population size estimated to number fewer than 250 mature individuals.
E. Quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in the wild is at least 20% within 20 years or five generations, whichever is the longer (up to a maximum of 100 years).
Vulnerable (VU)
A taxon is Vulnerable when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the following criteria (A to E), and it is therefore considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild:
A. Reduction in population size based on any of the following:
- An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population size reduction of 50% over the last 10 years
or three generations, whichever is the longer, where the causes of the reduction are: clearly reversible
AND understood AND ceased, based on (and specifying) any of the following:
(a) direct observation
(b) an index of abundance appropriate to the taxon
(c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat
(d) actual or potential levels of exploitation
(e) the effects of introduced taxa, hybridization, pathogens, pollutants, competitors or parasites. - An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population size reduction of 30% over the last 10 years
or three generations, whichever is the longer, where the reduction or its causes may not
have ceased OR may not be understood OR may not be reversible, based on (and specifying)
any of (a) to (e) under A1. - A population size reduction of 30%, projected or suspected to be met within the next 10 years
or three generations, whichever is the longer (up to a maximum of 100 years), based on (and
specifying) any of (b) to (e) under A1. - An observed, estimated, inferred, projected or suspected population size reduction of 30% over any 10
year or three generation period, whichever is longer (up to a maximum of 100 years in the future), where the time period must include both the past and the future, and where the reduction or its causes may not have ceased OR may not be understood OR may not be reversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to (e) under A1.
B. Geographic range in the form of either B1 (extent of occurrence) OR B2 (area of occupancy) OR both:
- Extent of occurrence estimated to be less than 20,000 km², and estimates indicating at least
two of a-c:
a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than 10 locations.
b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in any of the following:
(i) extent of occurrence
(ii) area of occupancy
(iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat
(iv) number of locations or subpopulations
(v) number of mature individuals.
c. Extreme fluctuations in any of the following:
(i) extent of occurrence
(ii) area of occupancy
(iii) number of locations or subpopulations
(iv) number of mature individuals. - Area of occupancy estimated to be less than 2000 km², and estimates indicating at least two of a-c:
a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than 10 locations.
b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in any of the following:
(i) extent of occurrence
(ii) area of occupancy
(iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat
(iv) number of locations or subpopulations
(v) number of mature individuals.
c. Extreme fluctuations in any of the following:
(i) extent of occurrence
(ii) area of occupancy
(iii) number of locations or subpopulations
(iv) number of mature individuals.
C. Population size estimated to number fewer than 10,000 mature individuals and either:
- An estimated continuing decline of at least 10% within 10 years or three generations, whichever is
longer, (up to a maximum of 100 years in the future) OR - A continuing decline, observed, projected, or inferred, in numbers of mature individuals AND at least
one of the following (a-b):
(a) Population structure in the form of one of the following:
(i) no subpopulation estimated to contain more than 1000 mature individuals, OR
(ii) all mature individuals are in one subpopulation.
(b) Extreme fluctuations in number of mature individuals.
D. Population very small or restricted in the form of either of the following:
- Population size estimated to number fewer than 1000 mature individuals.
- Population with a very restricted area of occupancy (typically less than 20 km²) or number of locations
(typically five or fewer) such that it is prone to the effects of human activities or
stochastic events within a very short time period in an uncertain future, and is thus capable
of becoming Critically Endangered or even Extinct in a very short time period.
E. Quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in the wild is at least 10% within 100 years.