Atlantic Guitarfish: Pseudobatos lentiginosus

Family: Rhinobatidae

Common name(s)

Atlantic Guitarfish, Freckled Guitarfish.

Identification

A medium-sized guitarfish with a moderately long, wedge-shaped snout with narrowly rounded tip. Rostral ridges relatively broad, parallel, and narrowly separated throughout their length. Eyes large. Snout length ~4.5 x orbit length. Spiracles have 2 skin folds on posterior margin; the outer skin fold larger than inner. Nostrils large, positioned obliquely. Nasal curtain absent. Large anterior nasal flaps extend slightly beyond nostril opening.
Anterior margins of disc straight. Pectoral apices broadly rounded. Skin completely covered in small denticles. Small thorns on snout tip, around orbits and above spiracles, on shoulders, and along midline and tail.
Tail robust and long; 1.5 x disc length. Dorsal fins large and well separated, with narrowly rounded or angular apices. Caudal fin triangular, without a defined lower caudal lobe.

Colour

Dorsum greyish-brown to dark brown, with a dense covering of small white spots. Areas where spots are absent contain dusky blotches that combine to form broken transverse bars or saddles. Blotches on snout may be golden. Rostral cartilage bluish-grey. Ventrum yellowish.

Size

Maximum length 78cm. Size at birth ~20cm.

Habitat

Tropical/warm-temperate seas. Benthic in shallow coastal environments such as estuaries, sea grass beds, sandy bays, and patch reefs. From close inshore to ~30m.

Distribution

Western North Atlantic. The freckled guitarfish occurs from North Carolina, USA to Nicaragua including the Gulf of Mexico. Records from Brazil need confirmation.

Conservation Status

VULNERABLE

The sandy habitat of the Atlantic guitarfish is largely untrawled in the USA providing some refuge for this species. Elsewhere, it is targeted and taken as bycatch in coastal artisanal and commercial trawl, handline, and gillnet fisheries that are intense and unmanaged in parts of its range. For example, it is prevalent in Mexican shrimp trawl fisheries and is the third-most caught species in bycatch In the Mexican Caribbean. Although data are sparse in Central America and northern South America, fisheries there are intense in some areas and are largely unmanaged. In northern Brazil, unmanaged trawling and gillnetting has led to steep declines and local extinctions of several sharks and rays. Habitat loss and degradation due to coastal development and oil exploration are also threats to this species in many parts of its range. Overall, due to the level of intense and unmanaged fishing pressure across its range, outside of USA waters, it is suspected that the Freckled Guitarfish has undergone a population reduction of 30–49% over the past three generation lengths (18 years), and it is assessed as Vulnerable A2cd.

Citation

Pollom, R., Charvet, P., Blanco-Parra, MP, Cardenosa, D., Derrick, D., Espinoza, E., Herman, K., Morales-Saldaña, J.M., Naranjo-Elizondo, B., Pacoureau, N., Pérez Jiménez, J.C., Schneider, E.V.C., Simpson, N.J. & Dulvy, N.K. 2020. Pseudobatos lentiginosus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T161743A896981. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T161743A896981.en. Downloaded on 26 May 2021.

Reproduction

Aplacental viviparous. Litter size up to 6 pups.

Diet

Feeds mainly on benthic molluscs and crustaceans.

Behavior

Apparently communal at resting spots. Personal observation: I observed 5-6 individuals resting within a few body lengths of each other under a pier in the northern Gulf of Mexico. This could also have been a mating aggregation.

Reaction to divers

Fairly easy to approach. Generally tolerant of divers unless approached too closely.

Diving logistics

Historically, the Atlantic guitarfish was locally common in the northern Gulf of Mexico, with the Florida Panhandle regarded as the centre of abundance. It is now relatively rare and patchily distributed but can probably still be encountered at some spots.

Atlantic guitarfishes are occasionally seen around fishing piers from Panama City to Pensacola in the late spring and summer months. Spring is the best time to dive or snorkel with them because during the summer most piers are closed to in water activities to avoid disturbing fishermen.

In the past, dive centers in Pensacola, FL. have reported numerous sightings of guitarfish adjacent to the artificial reefs created by dropping bridge spans off the coast.