Leopard Round Stingray: Urobatis pardalis

Family: Urotrygonidae

Common name(s)

Leopard Round Stingray, Central American Round Stingray, Costa Rican Round Stingray.

Identification

A small round stingray with a sub-circular disc that is approximately equal in width and length. Snout bluntly angular. Anterior margins of disc almost straight towards snout tip, apices broadly rounded. Disc completely smooth. Pelvic fins broadly triangular with rounded posterior margins, lengths slightly shorter than width.
Eyes medium-sized; orbit length 0.37 x snout length. Mouth weakly arched. Nasal curtain skirt-shaped. Nostrils slit-like.
Tail short and broad based, with lateral skin folds that are most prominent anterior to caudal sting. Tail length 46-48% of total length. Caudal sting short. Caudal fin short and high, with a high upper lobe and broadly rounded posterior margin.

Colour

Dorsal coloration creamy or light brown with a dense covering of small dark brown spots and reticulations, overlying a diffuse, brown honeycomb pattern. Spot size very small in adults, roughly half of eye size in juveniles. Large juvenile spots break up into irregular spots and reticulations as size increases. Ventrum pale and unmarked, sometimes pinkish.

Size

Total length at least 38cm. Length at birth 14cm.

Habitat

Tropical seas. Found in shallow sandy bays and on reef rubble, often near rocky reefs. Usually shallower than 15m but recorded down to 53m.

Distribution

Eastern Pacific. The leopard round stingray has only been recorded from Costa Rica but it is a newly described species so future range extensions are likely. It’s great similarity to Haller’s round stingray make range assessment problematic.

Conservation Status

LEAST CONCERN

The leopard round ray is a bycatch of industrial trawl fisheries and likely some small-scale fisheries. Despite its restricted geographic and depth range and overlap with fishing in sandy habitats, it appears to have some refuge from trawling around rocky habitats, and the overall levels of mortality from fishing are thought to be low (M. Espinoza et al. 2018, M. Espinoza et al. unpubl. data).

Citation

Kyne, P.M., Charvet, P., Areano, E.M., Cevallos, A., Espinoza, M., González, A., Herman, K., Mejía-Falla, P.A., Morales-Saldaña, J.M. & Navia, A.F. 2020. Urobatis pardalis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T144162359A144162621. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T144162359A144162621.en. Downloaded on 04 April 2021.

Reproduction

Aplacental viviparous. Litter size unknown.

Diet

Probably small fishes and benthic invertebrates.

Behavior

Poorly known.

Reaction to divers

Initially tolerant if approached carefully.

Diving logistics

Although the leopard round stingray has a limited range, it is abundant where it occurs. Divers are likely to see numerous animals on virtually every dive in Costa Rica.

I found them to be abundant around reefs off Playa del Coco, Islas Catalinas, and Montezuma. Leopard round stingrays do not appear to be seasonal but diving conditions/visibility are generally better in thee summer.